ABSTRACT
Objective To establish and improve the quality standard of ginkgo semen decoction pieces. Methods The morphological character for 29 batches of ginkgo gemen and 12 batches of stir-fried ginkgo gemen were observed, and the moisture contents were assayed using the method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition, the first supplement. Results The character of ginkgo gemen and stir-fried ginkgo gemen were consistent in different batches. The moisture content of ginkgo gemen was 8.8% to 12.2%, with an average of 10.5%. The moisture content of stir-fried ginkgo gemen was from 5.4% to 12.3%, with an average of 8.9%. Considering that ginkgo semen decoction pieces are stored for a long time, they are prone to the attack of mildew and insects, and the moisture limit is set to be no more than 10.0% in ginkgo gemen and stir-fried ginkgo. Conclusion Compared with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition, the first supplement, the character identification for ginkgo semen decoction pieces was added and the quality standards were improved. The moisture content of ginkgo semen decoction pieces needs to be strictly controlled under 10.0% to prevent mildew and insects.
ABSTRACT
Objective::To investigate excretion of GK-A, a antitussive compound separated from Ginkgo Semen, in the urine and bile of rats. Method::UPLC-MS/MS was used to determine the concentration of GK-A in rat urine and bile samples. The separation was performed on a C18 column, the mobile phase consisted of 0.1%formic acid aqueous solution (A) and acetonitrile (B) for gradient elution (0-1 min, 95%A; 1-3 min, 95%-85%A; 3-7.5 min, 85%-40%A; 7.5-8 min, 40%A). The detection was carried out by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the positive ion mode with an electrospray ionization (ESI). Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was employed. After intragastric administration of GK-A, the urine and bile samples were collected at different time points, and the contents of GK-A in the samples were determined, and the cumulative excretion and cumulative excretion rate were calculated. Result::After 72 h of administration, the cumulative excretion of GK-A in urine was (12.35±2.69) μg, and the cumulative excretion rate was (0.58±0.13)%. Meanwhile, after 24 h of administration, the cumulative excretion of GK-A in bile was (55.16±29.22) μg, and the cumulative excretion rate was (1.57±0.83)%. Only a small amount of GK-A was excreted from urine and bile of rats with a slow speed. Conclusion::After intragastric administration, the excretion of GK-A in rat urine and bile is not the main elimination pathway.
ABSTRACT
AIM To investigate microwave-heated Ginkgo Semen's effects on learning and memory abilities of APP/PS1 transgenic mice with Alzheimer's disease (AD).METHODS Firstly,the effects on chemical compositions of Ginkgo Semen due to variation in processing methods (baking,boiling and microwave-heating) were compared.Then,four-month mice were given eight months' special feed containing either raw Ginkgo Semen powders or microwave cooked Ginkgo Semen powders.At the end of the experiment,the memory and learning abilities of mice were assayed by open field test,novel object recognition test and morris water maze test,sequentially.And the levels of superoxide dismutase (T-SOD),catalase (CAT),Na+/K+ ATPase and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum and brain tissue of mice were measured,and a further histopathology examination on hippocampus tissues was performed as well.RESULTS Microwave-heating method was determined to be the optimum processing technology for Ginkgo Semen.Compared with the model group,the groups treated with microwave cooked Ginkgo Semen had increased T-SOD,CAT,Na +/K + ATPase and decreased MDA content,but the groups treated with raw Ginkgo Semen displayed no significant differences.CONCLUSION Unlike raw Ginkgo Semen,Ginkgo Semen processed by microwave heating may possess an antioxidative activity and an energy metabolism enhancement ability contributing to significant amelioration of AD mice's impaired learning and memory abilities.